Intermittent Fasting Knowledge Center

Time-Restricted Eating Improved Periods in 7 of 10 Women With PCOS: What the Research Shows

A 2021 trial in the Journal of Translational Medicine gave 18 women with PCOS an 8-hour eating window for 5 weeks. Periods improved in 11 of 15 women.

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Intermittent Fasting Eased PCOS Hirsutism, Not More Than Dieting: What the Research Shows

A 2024 randomized trial in Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism followed 90 women with PCOS and found fasting eased hirsutism as much as standard dieting.

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How Intermittent Fasting Affects Your Menstrual Cycle: What the Research Shows

A small clinical trial in Journal of Translational Medicine (2021) found 8-hour time-restricted eating improved menstrual cycles in 11 of 15 women with PCOS.

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Intermittent Fasting and Fertility: What the Research Shows

A 2026 Frontiers in Endocrinology study followed 90 women with PCOS for 12 weeks and found 5:2 fasting improved period regularity in 8 out of 10 women.

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Side Effects of Intermittent Fasting in Women: What the Research Shows

A 2021 trial in the Journal of Translational Medicine tested 16:8 fasting in 32 obese women for three months, finding weight loss and no harmful blood changes.

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Does Intermittent Fasting Help With PCOS Weight Loss?: What the Research Shows

A trial of 76 women with PCOS, published in Nature Medicine in 2026, found 6-hour time-restricted eating cut body weight by about 4%, matching calorie cutting.

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Is Intermittent Fasting Good or Bad in Perimenopause?: What the Research Shows

A 2025 Frontiers in Public Health trial tested 16:8 fasting plus exercise in 59 menopausal women. Brain tests showed no extra benefit over exercise alone.

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What to Eat After Fasting on Your Period: What the Research Shows

A 2018 Physiology & Behavior study of 11 adults, six women, found people replaced only 60% of calories after a 24-hour fast, eating more fat and protein.

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Can I Fast With PCOS: What the Research Shows

A randomized trial of 76 women with PCOS found a 6-hour eating window cut body weight by about 4%, similar to calorie cutting, in Nature Medicine, 2026.

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Does Intermittent Fasting Help Irregular Periods in PCOS?: What the Research Shows

A 2021 clinical trial in the Journal of Translational Medicine followed 15 women with PCOS and found fasting eased irregular periods in 73 percent of them.

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Time-Restricted Eating Helped Women With PCOS Lose More Weight: What the Research Shows

A randomized trial of 93 women with PCOS, published in iScience in 2025, found time-restricted eating plus dieting cut weight by about 7 kilos in 16 weeks.

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Early Time-Restricted Eating Helped Women With PCOS Most: What the Research Shows

A randomized trial of 75 women with PCOS found early time-restricted eating improved blood sugar, insulin, and cholesterol more than midday eating, 2026.

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Time-Restricted Eating Helped Women With PCOS Lose Weight: What the Research Shows

A randomized trial in Nature Medicine tested time-restricted eating in 76 women with PCOS over 6 months, finding weight loss similar to calorie cutting, 2026.

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Christian Orthodox Fasting Raised a Fat-Regulating Hormone in Women: What the Research Shows

A 2022 study of 97 women found Orthodox fasting raised a fat hormone more than time-restricted eating, per International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition.

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Time-Restricted Eating for PCOS: What the Research Shows

A randomized crossover trial of 15 women with PCOS found time-restricted eating lowered weight, waist size, and a blood sugar test more than free eating, 2026.

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Fasting Lowered Liver Enzymes in Women With Menopause and Arthritis: What the Research Shows

A Scientific Reports trial of 44 postmenopausal women with rheumatoid arthritis found that 16:8 fasting lowered liver enzymes and oxidative stress in 2025.

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Alternate Day Fasting Works Equally Well Before and After Menopause: What the Research Shows

A 2021 study in Nutrition, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases followed 75 adults on alternate day fasting; weight loss was similar across menopause status.

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Ramadan Fasting Lowered Fat and Cholesterol in Postmenopausal Women: What the Research Shows

A 2023 Medicina study of 62 premenopausal and postmenopausal Saudi women found Ramadan fasting lowered body fat and cholesterol, especially after menopause.

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Time-Restricted Eating Didn't Change Sex Hormones in Menopause: What the Research Shows

A 2023 study in the journal Obesity followed 23 women — premenopausal and postmenopausal — through 8 weeks of time-restricted eating and tracked hormones.

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Ramadan Fasting and Menopause Hormones: What the Research Shows

A 2024 Frontiers in Nutrition study followed 62 healthy Saudi women through Ramadan fasting, finding estrogen shifted differently before and after menopause.

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Time-Restricted Eating Plus Tai Chi Improved Cholesterol in Menopause: What the Research Shows

A randomized trial of 142 postmenopausal women found fasting plus Tai Chi cut cholesterol and improved artery function more than fasting alone, in 2025.

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Fasting Plus Walking Boosted Muscle Strength in Postmenopausal Women: What the Research Shows

A randomized trial in Nutrients (2026) tested time-restricted eating plus walking in 96 postmenopausal women. Grip strength rose most in the combined group.

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Intermittent Fasting and Uric Acid in Menopause: What the Research Shows

A 2026 Nutrients study followed 43 postmenopausal women comparing keto, fasting, and standard diets. Only keto lowered uric acid, a heart risk marker.

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Adding Fasting to Exercise Didn't Improve Brain Function in Menopause: What the Research Shows

A 2025 Frontiers in Public Health trial gave 59 menopausal women exercise, with or without 16:8 fasting, for 12 weeks. Fasting added no extra brain benefit.

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Time-Restricted Eating Cuts Weight the Same in Both Menopause Stages: What the Research Shows

A 2021 Experimental Gerontology study of 32 women with obesity found 8 weeks of time-restricted eating cut weight the same, before or after menopause.

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Intermittent Fasting Improved Fitness in Postmenopausal Women: What the Research Shows

A small trial of 30 postmenopausal women found intermittent fasting plus interval training raised fitness by 10%, published in Nutrients, 2025.

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Time-Restricted Eating Works the Same Before and After Menopause: What the Research Shows

A 2021 study in Experimental Gerontology found time-restricted eating cut weight equally in 32 premenopausal and postmenopausal women with obesity over 8 weeks.

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Time-Restricted Eating Eased Menopause Symptoms More Than Exercise: What the Research Shows

A 2025 trial in Nutrients followed 54 menopausal women. Combining 16:8 eating with exercise cut menopause symptoms more than exercise alone, the study found.

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Combining Fasting With Interval Workouts Helped Women Over 50 Get Fitter, Trial Finds: What the Research Shows

A 2025 Nutrients randomized trial of 30 postmenopausal women found fasting plus interval workouts beat a low-calorie diet for fitness gains over 8 weeks.

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Does Intermittent Fasting Help Menopause Night Sweats?

A 2025 Nutrients trial of 54 menopausal women found 16:8 fasting plus exercise cut overall symptoms more than exercise alone — but not hot flashes or night sweats.

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We Asked 3,108 People How Fasting Changed Their Mood — 84% of Fasters Said Better

In a poll of 3,108 people, 84% of those who fast said fasting plus healthy eating improved their mood; only 5% said it got worse. Full numbers inside.

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We Asked 4,199 People What Actually Worked — 89% Gave the Same Answer

In a poll of 4,199 people, 89% said fasting plus eating well gave them better results than any diet they had tried. Full numbers and what they really mean.

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463 Adults With Type 2 Diabetes Show Lower Depression Scores After Ramadan Fasting: What the Research Shows

463 adults with type 2 diabetes in a 2019 Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice study saw PHQ-9 depression scores drop 3.5 points after Ramadan fasting.

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Time-Restricted Eating and Dry Fasting Blunted Gum Bleeding in a Clinical Trial: What the Research Shows

A 2025 Journal of Clinical Periodontology trial of 66 adults found dry fasting and 16:8 time-restricted eating reduced gum bleeding versus controls (−9.48%), plus lower CRP and HbA1c.

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Seven-Day Water Fasting Pushes Healthy Adults Into Hypoglycemia 66% of the Time by Day 5: What the Research Shows

Journal of Diabetes Science & Technology, 2026: CGM data from 12 adults on a 7-day water fast show hypoglycemic readings jumped from 3% to 66% of the day.

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16:8 Intermittent Fasting Reduced Heartburn Symptoms in a 96-Hour Stanford Study: What the Research Shows

A Stanford pH-monitoring study of 25 GERD patients found 16:8 time-restricted eating cut heartburn and regurgitation scores versus a normal diet, published in J Clin Gastroenterol 2023.

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Intermittent Fasting Slowed Hair Regrowth by 18% in a Small Human Trial: What the Research Shows

A 2024 Cell study of 49 adults found 18:6 time-restricted eating slowed hair regrowth speed by 18% over 10 days — here's what the randomized trial actually found.

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Intermittent Fasting Lowered Anxiety and Changed Amygdala Brain Connectivity in a 50-Day Study: What the Research Shows

A 2025 Alpha Psychiatry study (n=26) found 18-hour daily fasting significantly reduced anxiety scores and shifted amygdala brain connectivity over 50 days.

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Intermittent Fasting Cut Long COVID Symptoms Nearly in Half in a New Randomized Trial: What the Research Shows

A 2025 Scientific Reports randomized crossover trial (n=58) found a 10-week program of intermittent fasting and a no-sugar diet reduced Long COVID symptom scores by 51.8%.

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Prolonged Fasting Reduced Pain Intensity in Chronic Pain Patients, Including Low Back Pain: What the Research Shows

A German clinical study of patients with chronic pain conditions, including chronic low back pain, found that a 7-day supervised fast significantly reduced pain intensity.

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5:2 Intermittent Fasting Improved Menstrual Regularity in 80% of Obese Women With PCOS: What the Research Shows

A 2026 Frontiers in Endocrinology study of 90 obese women with PCOS found a 5:2 fasting diet with meal replacement improved weight, insulin resistance, and menstrual regularity.

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People Who Practice Time-Restricted Eating Report Better Sleep Quality: What the Research Shows

A Nutrients cohort study of Italian adults found people following time-restricted eating had significantly better self-reported sleep quality scores than non-fasters.

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Prolonged Daily Fasting Did Not Worsen Dry Eye Symptoms in a 2025 Study: What the Research Shows

A 2025 Frontiers in Medicine study of 40 patients found prolonged daily religious fasting, even with complete fluid abstinence, did not significantly worsen dry eye measures (p > 0.05).

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Time-Restricted Eating Cut Standing Heart Rate by 11 BPM in POTS Patients: What the Research Shows

A UC San Diego pilot study (n=20, Scientific Reports 2025) found 12 weeks of time-restricted eating reduced standing heart rate and improved quality of life in patients with POTS.

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Early Time-Restricted Eating Beat a Wider Eating Window for Weight Loss in a 14-Week Trial: What the Research Shows

A 90-person randomized trial found early time-restricted eating (8am-2pm) produced more weight loss than a wider eating window, but most other markers didn't differ significantly.

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Ramadan Fasting Raises Urinary Citrate But Doesn't Increase Kidney Stone Risk: What the Research Shows

A 2012 Iran J Kidney Dis study of 57 men found Ramadan intermittent fasting raised urinary citrate without increasing kidney stone-forming risk markers.

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A Monthly 5-Day Fasting-Mimicking Diet Nearly Doubled Remission Rates in Crohn's Disease: What the Research Shows

A 2026 Stanford randomized trial found a 5-day fasting-mimicking diet, repeated monthly for 3 months, drove clinical remission in 64.6% of Crohn's patients vs 37.5% on standard diet.

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Two-Day Fasting Cycles Lowered Iron and Hemoglobin in Healthy Women: What the Research Shows

A controlled trial of 46 women found that repeated 2-day fasting cycles significantly lowered iron, ferritin, and hemoglobin — here's what the 2014 study found.

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Varicose Veins Raise Blood Clot Risk During Prolonged Ramadan Fasting: What the Research Shows

A 311-person observational study found new blood clots in 4.8% of Ramadan fasters, with varicose veins and venous reflux among the strongest predictors, Cureus 2025.

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Longer Overnight Fasting Was Linked to Higher Gallstone Hospitalization Risk in Women: What the Research Shows

A prospective cohort of 4,730 women found gallstone hospitalization risk rose with longer overnight fasting periods and with dieting, per a 1991 American Journal of Public Health study.

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16:8 Time-Restricted Eating Improved Lung Function (FEV1) in Overweight Women: What the Research Shows

A 2024 Nutrients trial of 31 overweight/obese women found 12 weeks of 16:8 time-restricted eating significantly improved FEV1 lung function and balance.

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Time-Restricted Eating Produced Weight Loss but Not Better Sleep in Adults With Obesity: What the Research Shows

A 2022 randomized trial in Nutrition and Health found 4-hour and 6-hour time-restricted feeding caused meaningful weight loss but did not significantly improve sleep quality or obstructive sleep apnea risk.

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Fasting-Mimicking Diet Shows Encouraging Trends for Male Fertility: What the Research Shows

A 2025 pilot RCT in Frontiers in Nutrition tested a fasting-mimicking diet in men with impaired sperm quality, finding positive trends in sperm parameters over 6 months.

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16:6 Time-Restricted Eating Lowered a Key Inflammation Marker in Women With Obesity: What the Research Shows

A 2025 quasi-experimental trial in 23 women with obesity found 18:6 time-restricted eating significantly reduced IFN-γ (p=0.025), while IL-10 stayed unchanged.

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Time-Restricted Eating Is Feasible in Polycystic Kidney Disease, But Weight Loss — Not the Fasting Window Itself — Tracked With Kidney Volume: What the Research Shows

A 12-month RCT (n=29) in Clinical Kidney Journal found 8-hour time-restricted eating was as effective as standard healthy-eating advice for weight loss in ADPKD patients (2025).

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Alternate-Day Fasting Improved Premenstrual Mood and Quality of Life in Overweight Women: What the Research Shows

A randomized trial of 60 overweight women found alternate-day modified fasting reduced anger and mood swings and improved quality of life more than daily calorie restriction.

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Intermittent Fasting Linked to Higher Disordered Eating Risk in Young Adults: What the Research Shows

A national cohort study of 2,762 Canadian adolescents and young adults found intermittent fasting associated with higher rates of disordered eating behaviors, 2022.

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Intermittent Fasting Doesn't Disrupt Your Melatonin Rhythm — If Sleep and Light Stay Controlled: What the Research Shows

A controlled 2017 pilot study of 8 healthy adults found intermittent fasting had no significant effect on the circadian melatonin rhythm once meals, light, and sleep were controlled.

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Intermittent Fasting Lowered Oxidative Stress and Liver Enzymes in Women With Rheumatoid Arthritis: What the Research Shows

A randomized trial of 44 postmenopausal women with rheumatoid arthritis found 16:8 intermittent fasting significantly reduced oxidative stress markers and liver enzymes (2025).

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A Small Pilot Trial Tested Fasting Plus Guided Imagery for Chronic Knee Pain: What the Research Shows

A 2021 Nutrients pilot randomized trial tested intermittent fasting and glucose administration paired with relaxation and guided imagery in 32 adults with chronic knee pain.

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A Weekly Fasting Day Plus App Support Beat a Control Diet by 1.6kg: What the Research Shows

A pilot randomized trial in JMIR mHealth and uHealth found a brief, app-supported weekly intermittent fasting program produced significantly greater weight loss than usual care in 57 adults.

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Early Time-Restricted Eating Beats Later Eating for Fat Loss Without Costing Muscle: What the Research Shows

A 2025 Nutrients randomized trial (n=24) found early time-restricted eating (8am–2pm) cut more body weight than a later window while preserving muscle and strength gains equally.

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Alternate-Day Fasting Improves Molecular Aging Markers in Healthy Adults: What the Research Shows

A randomized controlled trial in Cell Metabolism found 4 weeks of alternate-day fasting improved fat mass, cholesterol, and aging-related blood markers in healthy, non-obese adults.

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Three Fasting-Mimicking Diet Cycles Cut Biological Age by 2.5 Years: What the Research Shows

A randomized trial in 184 adults (Nature Communications, 2024) found 3 monthly fasting-mimicking diet cycles lowered biological age by 2.

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Short-Term Water-Only Fasting Raises Uric Acid While Improving Cholesterol and Weight: What the Research Shows

Randomized crossover trial on short-term water-only fasting found improved HDL, weight, and growth hormone alongside a transient rise in uric acid

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8-Hour Time-Restricted Eating Improved Insulin and Hormone Levels in Women With PCOS: What the Research Shows

A Journal of Translational Medicine study found 5 weeks of 8-hour time-restricted eating lowered insulin resistance, androgens, and AMH in women with anovulatory PCOS.

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An Intermittent Fasting Diet Shifted Gut Bacteria and Improved Quality of Life in MS Patients: What the Research Shows

A Cell Metabolism pilot study of 17 people with multiple sclerosis found a 15-day intermittent fasting diet altered gut bacteria and improved quality-of-life scores (2018).

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Fasting Reduced Overactive Immune Cells and Eased Rheumatoid Arthritis Symptoms: What the Research Shows

A 1990 Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases pilot study (n=16) found a 7-10 day fast eased rheumatoid arthritis activity and calmed overactive neutrophils.

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Fasting Mimicking Diet Improves Weight, Waist Size, and Blood Pressure in Prostate Cancer Patients: What the Research Shows

A 2022 pilot study of 29 prostate cancer patients found 3 monthly cycles of a 4-day fasting mimicking diet cut weight by 3.79 kg and blood pressure by 9.5 mmHg.

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Ramadan Time-Restricted Fasting Cut Psoriasis Severity Scores in 108 Patients: What the Research Shows

A 2019 Nutrients study followed 108 moderate-to-severe psoriasis patients through Ramadan and found a significant drop in PASI severity scores after month-long daily fasting.

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Alternate-Day Fasting Doesn't Worsen Thyroid Function in Subclinical Hypothyroidism: What the Research Shows

A randomized secondary analysis found alternate-day fasting produced 7% weight loss and better insulin sensitivity than calorie restriction, without disrupting TSH or free T4 (2020).

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A 5-Day Fast Before a Heart-Healthy Diet Improved Blood Pressure and Gut Bacteria: What the Research Shows

A randomized trial of 71 people found a 5-day fast before starting the DASH diet led to greater blood pressure and gut microbiome improvements than diet alone.

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Time-Restricted Eating Cut IBS Symptom Scores by 100 Points in 8 Weeks: What the Research Shows

A Nutrients pilot study of 134 IBS patients found 16:8 time-restricted eating reduced symptom severity scores by over 100 points in 8 weeks (2026).

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Alternate Day Fasting Raises Growth Hormone and Cuts Insulin by Over Half: What the Research Shows

22-day AJCN trial (n=16) found alternate day fasting significantly raised growth hormone, cut fasting insulin roughly 57%, and preserved lean mass in nonobese adults.

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A 24-Hour Fast Shifts Cortisol and DHEA Rhythms in Obese Adults: What the Research Shows

Frontiers in Nutrition study (2023, n=49) found a one-day water-only fast shifted cortisol and DHEA daily rhythms in obese adults, with effects varying by chronotype.

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Ramadan-Style Time-Restricted Eating Modestly Reduced Dietary Calcium Intake: What the Research Shows

A prospective study of 61 adults found dietary calcium intake fell around 20% during Ramadan time-restricted eating, while vitamin D intake stayed stable.

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An 8-Hour Eating Window Cut Calorie Intake by 341 a Day Without Counting: What the Research Shows

A 12-week pilot RCT (n=23) found 8-hour time-restricted eating cut daily calorie intake by ~341 kcal and body weight by 2.6% without calorie counting.

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Ramadan Fasting Did Not Harm Bone Markers in Healthy Men: What the Research Shows

A prospective cohort study of healthy Saudi men found Ramadan intermittent fasting lowered PTH but left core bone metabolism markers stable across a month of daily fasting.

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One Week of Fasting Eased Rheumatoid Arthritis Symptoms Faster Than Diet Alone: What the Research Shows

Randomized trial in Frontiers in Nutrition (2022, n=53) found a 7-day fast eased rheumatoid arthritis disability scores faster than a standard anti-inflammatory diet.

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Adding Intermittent Fasting to Methotrexate Nearly Doubles Psoriasis Remission: What the Research Shows

A 120-patient randomized trial found 16:8 intermittent fasting alongside methotrexate improved long-term PASI50 remission in plaque psoriasis, 2025 study finds.

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Intermittent Fasting Temporarily Lowers Gut Butyrate, Then Diversity Rebounds: What the Research Shows

A 2023 pilot study of 20 Ramadan fasters found short-chain fatty acids like butyrate dipped during fasting, then gut microbial diversity increased afterward.

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Ramadan Fasting Increased a Key Gut-Lining Bacteria by the End of the Month: What the Research Shows

A 2019 Turkish Journal of Gastroenterology pilot study found Ramadan fasting significantly increased Akkermansia muciniphila, a bacterium linked to gut barrier health, in 15 volunteers.

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Ramadan Intermittent Fasting Did Not Worsen Lupus Disease Activity in a Small Iranian Pilot Study: What the Research Shows

A 2015 Rheumatology International pilot study (n=40 quiescent SLE patients) found Ramadan intermittent fasting did not significantly change SLEDAI disease activity or quality of life scores.

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Time-Restricted Eating Didn't Change IGF-1, But Bigger Weight Loss Did Shift Cancer-Linked Biomarkers: What the Research Shows

A 2024 Nutrients exploratory RCT analysis found 8 weeks of time-restricted eating didn't change IGF-1 overall, but IGFBP2 and leptin improved in participants who lost more weight.

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Alternate-Day Fasting Cut Leptin by 40% in 12 Weeks: What the Research Shows

A randomized controlled trial of 32 adults found alternate-day fasting lowered leptin by 40% and raised adiponectin by 6% in 12 weeks, per Nutrition Journal 2013.

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12-Day Supervised Fasting Reshapes the Body's Omega-3 to Omega-6 Fatty Acid Balance: What the Research Shows

A 2025 European Journal of Clinical Investigation study of 98 fasters found that ~12-day supervised fasting significantly remodeled omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acid levels in red blood cell membranes.

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24-Hour Fasting Raises Reverse T3 and Lowers Active Thyroid Hormone: What the Research Shows

An NIH crossover study of 58 healthy adults found a 24-hour fast shifted thyroid hormone conversion, lowering free T3 and raising reverse T3 (Thyroid, 2019).

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14-Day Medically Supervised Fasting Cut Small, Dense LDL by 30%: What the Research Shows

A 2021 European Journal of Nutrition study of 40 adults found a 14-day supervised fast reduced the most atherogenic LDL subfraction by 30%, while apoB and Lp(a) stayed unchanged.

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How Fasting and Refeeding Cycles Reset Your Immune Cells: What the Research Shows

A Cell study with a human validation cohort found that fasting-refeeding cycles regulate circulating monocyte levels, and that this reset breaks down with age

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Intermittent Fasting Cuts Gum Bleeding and Inflammation in a 97-Person Trial: What the Research Shows

A 97-person Karolinska trial found 6 months of 5:2 intermittent fasting cut gum bleeding, CRP, and HbA1c, though the oral microbiome itself stayed largely unchanged.

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20 Hours of Daily Fasting Improved Insulin Action in Lean Men Without Weight Loss: What the Research Shows

A controlled trial found 15 days of 20-hour daily fasting improved peripheral insulin sensitivity in healthy men, measured by gold-standard clamp testing, with no change in body weight.

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Time-Restricted Eating Improved Blood Pressure and Insulin Sensitivity Without Harming Liver Enzymes: What the Research Shows

A randomized trial of 60 overweight young adults found 6-hour time-restricted eating improved blood pressure and insulin sensitivity while liver enzymes stayed safely stable.

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Fasting Nearly Doubled Migraine Attacks in a Ramadan Study: What the Research Shows

A prospective study of 76 migraine patients found fasting during Ramadan significantly increased attack frequency and severity compared to non-fasting migraineurs.

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Time-Restricted Eating Improved Kidney Function in a Small CKD Pilot Study: What the Research Shows

A 2023 Frontiers in Endocrinology pilot study of 27 adults with CKD stages 3-4 found time-restricted eating raised eGFR versus a decline on a standard diet.

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8-Hour Time-Restricted Eating and Liver Enzymes in Adults With Obesity: What the Research Shows

A 2018 pilot trial of 23 adults with obesity found 8-hour time-restricted eating cut daily energy intake by ~341 kcal and body weight by 2.6% over 12 weeks.

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Three Insulin-Dependent Type 2 Diabetes Patients Stopped Insulin Using Intermittent Fasting: What the Research Shows

A 2018 BMJ Case Reports case series describes 3 long-term insulin-dependent type 2 diabetes patients who discontinued insulin therapy using therapeutic intermittent fasting.

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Ramadan Fasting Reduced Acne Severity and Inflammatory Markers in a 40-Patient Study: What the Research Shows

A 2024 Archives of Dermatological Research study of 40 acne patients found GAGS severity scores, IL-17, IFN-γ, and oxidative stress markers all fell after Ramadan fasting.

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